第五章:动状词(Verbals)

传统语法中有四种动状词,也称为非谓语动词,其拼法与所属词性如下:

不定词短语

 

动名词

一、动名词与普通名词的比较

  1. 任然保留若干程度的“动作”意味,而且可以有“持续性”的暗示,这就是动名词常有的特色。例:

    Let me buy you a drink.(我请你喝一杯。)

    Drinking is his only vice.(喝酒是他唯一的坏习惯。)

    I am not afraid of death, but I am scared of dying.(死亡我倒不怕,只是怕死的过程。)

  2. 大部分的动名词是不可数名词,也有一些是可数的。例:

    There are two weddings at the restaurant tonight.(这家餐厅今晚有两场婚礼。)

动名词的结构很像普通名词,可以有冠词(例:the burning)、所有格(例:his running)、有复数(例:two weddings);而不定词的结构则是 to 加原形动词,以短语形态出现(例:to run, to leave),不能加限定词或复数。这是动名词与不定词的差别之一。

二、动名词短语与名词从句的比较

  1. 当句中主语和主要从句主语相同时,可以省略主语,并将主要从句的动词改变成动状词来做词类变化。当主要从句的动词表示持续性语气时,则用动名词。例:

    I really enjoyed that I taught English to school children at night.

    I really enjoyed that I was teaching English to school children at night.

    I really enjoyed teaching English to school children at night.

    (句型:S+V+O,翻译:那时我晚上教儿童英语教的很愉快。)

  2. 当句中主语和主要从句主语不同时,处理方式就是用所有格的形式保留下来。例:

    I don't like that John calls my girlfriend day after day.

    I don't like John's calling my girlfriend day after day.

    (句型:S+V+O,翻译:约翰每天打电话给我女朋友,让我很不舒服。)

  3. 当名词从句中有被动语态时,处理方式是使用 being(being 这个词的 be 是没有意义的 be 动词,所有的意义在于词尾的 -ing 部分)。例:

    That I was invited here is a great honor.

    Being invited here is a great honor.

    (句型:S+V+C,翻译:受邀来到此地,是莫大的荣誉。)

三、动名词的复合字

  1. 主语部分为名词从句时,省略主语,将剩余部分简化为动名词短语。例:

    That anybody picks strawberries can be fun.

    Picking strawberries can be fun.

    (句型:S+V+C,翻译:采草莓很好玩。)

  2. 在动名词前加定冠词 the ,当成名词短语来使用。例:

    The picking of strawberries requires patience.(句型:S+V+O,翻译:采草莓要有耐心。)

  3. 将名词放在动名词前,即形容词的位置,并改成单数形式(英语形容词没有复数),再用 -(hyphen)连接,组成复合名词。例:

    Strawberry-picking is a strenuous job.(句型:S+V+C,翻译:采草莓是很费力的工作。)

四、动名词与现在分词的分辨

  1. 检验现在分词,可以把它移动到形容词的另一个位置:补语位置。例:

    That flying bird is a black-faced spoonbill.(那只在飞的鸟是黑面琵鹭。)

    That bird is flying.(句型:S+V+C,句意合理,检验通过。)

    (当然,传统语法应该是 That bird is flying,句型:S+V 。)

    That flying jacket looks smart on you.(那件飞行装你穿起来很帅。)

    That jacket is flying.(句型:S+V+C,句意不合理,检验不通过。)

  2. 检验动名词,可以把它移动到典型的动名词位置:介系词后面。例:

    That's a jacket for flying.(句意合理,检验通过。)